Kyoto failed for reasons havingnothing to do with the absence of US involvement. The developed nations that ratified the agreement saw their emissions go up, not down, by 4 percent between 2000 and 2004. Even if Kyoto was perfectly implemented, the emissions reduced would be one-seventh the amount of the emissions China alone will produce over the next three decades. Kyoto was based on the wrong models of past efforts to regulate pollution. A better model is the creation of the European Union after World War II through shared investments in coal and steel. A post-Kyoto effort should bring down the price of clean energy as quickly as possible through massive public-private investments into technology innovation and infrastructure. Together the United States, Europe, and Japan should invest $100 billion to $200 billion per year, which could stimulate $60 billion to $120 billion in private capital. This commitment would bring down the price of clean energy while strengthening economic ties between these countries. To achieve this politically, the next president must sell the agenda as the only way to free ourselves from oil while establishing American leadership and creating jobs in the fast-growing and high-tech clean-energy markets.
Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger are co-authors of Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility.
What is needed is a new Kyoto Protocol that reflects the urgency and magnitude of the challenge: a rapid global transition to non-carbon energy sources in the next thirty years. One approach might involve three elements: In industrial countries, withdraw the roughly $250 billion a year in subsidies for coal and oil and put those same subsidies behind clean-energy sources. Create a fund, estimated at about $300 billion a year, to transfer clean energy to developing countries. All developing countries would love to go solar, but most can’t afford it. The fund could be financed by a tax on international air travel, carbon taxes in the north, or a tiny tax of a quarter-penny per dollar on international currency transactions. Develop a regulatory mechanism that would require every country, starting at its current baseline, to increase its fossil-fuel efficiency by 5 percent per year. That means every country would produce the same amount next year with 5 percent less carbon fuel or produce 5 percent more with the same amount of carbon fuel. Since few economies grow at 5 percent for very long, emissions reductions would outpace long-term economic growth. To incorporate these mechanisms would generate millions of new jobs, especially in developing countries. It would begin to turn impoverished nations into trading partners. It would jump-start the renewable-energy industry into a central driving engine of growth for the global economy. 
Ross Gelbspan is the author of The Heat is On and Boiling Point, HeatIsOnline.org.
In recent years, we have finally come to understand what a peril the climate crisis actually represents. Now we need to understand two more realities. The first is that climate change is only one aspect of a wider sustainability crisis. All good thinking is now holistic thinking. We cannot afford to suffer from “carbon blindness” and ignore the many ways in which our current economic model destroys our planet’s natural systems, perpetuates poverty, and stifles democracy. The second is that we have the capacity to build a different model of sustainable prosperity, one which can allow many more people to live wealthier, healthier, and happier lives, while dramatically reducing our ecological impacts. In order to do that, we need to unleash new technologies and social innovations, bring forward new policies (including a much more aggressive system of carbon pricing), encourage widespread entrepreneurship, and begin redesigning our civilization. A bright green future can be ours, if we’re ready to change our thinking and act quickly.
Alex Steffen is the executive editor of WorldChanging.com.
It’s tempting to focus on the fact that the US government still hasn’t signed on to the Kyoto Protocols, and thus conclude that we haven’t made much progress. Despite the federal government’s very slow movement on the issue, though, I think we’ve come quite far. Ten years ago, few would have imagined that a Republican governor would sign off on the first greenhouse-gas emissions reduction program for his state, or that companies like Wal-Mart, Duke Energy, and General Electric would be lobbying Congress for regulation of carbon emissions.
We’ve got much farther to go, but I’m optimistic that the United States will fully join the international effort to combat global climate change. The general public, the business community, and state and local governments “get it.” It’s hard to imagine that the next US president and Congress will be able to not act decisively without paying a heavy political price.
Jeff McIntire-Strasburg is a senior editor with GreenOptions.com and founder of Sustainablog.org
Since the Kyoto Protocol was first introduced in 1997, consciousness has exploded around the urgent need to tackle the global climate crisis. At the Ella Baker Center, we’ve forged partnerships with groups serving low-income communities and green businesses that are moving away from the pollution-based economy of the past and toward a clean-energy economy. In collaboration with the city of Oakland and the Apollo Alliance, we initiated the Oakland Green Jobs Corps to train low-income residents to weatherize our buildings, switch out inefficient technologies, and install the solar panels and wind farms that we’ll need to power our future. We can and must fight both poverty and pollution at the same time by preparing those who have been left out of previous economic booms for promising careers in the emerging green economy. The task at hand is enormous and urgent: The twin threats of climate change and oil dependence demand that we must take bold action now to move our communities away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy solutions. We know that this will require millions of people rolling up their sleeves to literally transform the way we work, live, and play. This means that billions of dollars of new investment in our cities will be needed. This is a historic opportunity to both protect our climate and also uplift our communities, providing dignified, green opportunities for all.
Aaron Lehmer is program manager for the green-collar jobs campaign at the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, EllaBakerCenter.org.
In the years since Kyoto, the public cries for taking action to regulate carbon-dioxide emissions are now deafening. To respond to the climate crisis and transform our energy economy, we need presidential leadership to curb this nation’s oil usage, cap and cut carbon-dioxide emissions, and increase investment in renewable energy. While the Bush administration dithers and delays, leadership in addressing this looming disaster has emerged from two dozen US states and the European Union.
Faiz Shakir is research director for the Center for American Progress, AmericanProgress.org.
When the Kyoto Protocol was initiated ten years ago, there was good reason to be seriously concerned about the impacts of climate change on the world’s ecosystems. Since then, science has provided increasingly specific and disturbing projections, and we have started seeing the impacts to the world’s wildlife and habitats. The decline in the Arctic sea ice is directly impairing the ability of polar bears to hunt. Pikas adapted to high mountain weather are losing lower elevation populations. Checkerspot butterflies along the US Pacific coast are losing southern populations. A wide array of plants and animals are facing the stresses that come from earlier springs, more hot days, and seasonal droughts. In the past ten years, it has become increasingly clear that global climate change not only threatens a wide array of plants and wildlife, but also threatens the integrity of entire ecosystems. If the world’s biological diversity is to survive the next hundred years, we not only need to make every effort to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, we also need to take serious measures to protect species and ecosystems from the continued warming we have already committed to.
Brian Nowicki is California climate policy director for the Center for Biological Diversity, BiologicalDiversity.org.
